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GROUND PENETRATING RADAR 1833
GROUND PENETRATING RADAR
DAVID J. DANIELS
ERA Technology Surrey, United Kingdom
1. INTRODUCTION Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a nondestructive measurement technique, which uses electromagnetic waves to locate targets or interfaces buried within a visually opaque substance or Earth material. GPR is also termed ground probing, surface penetrating (SPR), or subsurface radar. A GPR transmits a regular sequence of low-power packets of electromagnetic energy into the material or ground, and receives and detects the weak reected signal from the buried target. The energy is in the form of either a very short-duration impulse, a sweep over a range of frequencies, radiation of noise over a dened band, or a pseudorandom coded sequence of pulses. Most
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