Design Considerations for Dire...

Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers Behzad Razavi428

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS―II: ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL. 44, NO. 6, JUNE 1997

Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers
Behzad Razavi
Abstract― This paper describes the issues and tradeoffs in the design and monolithic implementation of direct-conversion receivers and proposes circuit techniques that can alleviate the drawbacks of this architecture. Following a brief study of heterodyne and image-reject topologies, the direct-conversion architecture is introduced and effects such as dc offset, I=Q mismatch, even-order distortion, icker noise, and oscillator leakage are analyzed. Related design techniques for amplication and mixing, quadrature phase calibration, and baseband processing are also described. Index Terms― Analog circuits, RF cir